Solana Cookbook

Kontozuordnungen

Zuordnungen (Maps) sind Datenstrukturen, die wir häufig beim Programmieren verwenden, um einen Schlüssel mit einem Wert irgendeiner Art zu verknüpfen. Der Schlüssel und der Wert können von jedem beliebigen Typ sein, und der Schlüssel dient als Kennung für einen bestimmten Wert, der gespeichert wird. Es ermöglicht uns dann, angesichts seines Schlüssels, diese Werte effizient einzufügen, abzurufen und zu aktualisieren.

Wie wir wissen, erfordert das Kontomodell von Solana, dass Programmdaten und ihre relevanten Zustandsdaten in verschiedenen Konten gespeichert werden. Diesen Konten ist eine Adresse zugeordnet. Dies dient an sich als Karte! Erfahren Sie [hier][AccountCookbook] mehr über den Kontomodus von Solana.

Es wäre also sinnvoll, Ihre Werte in separaten Konten zu speichern, wobei deren Adresse der Schlüssel ist, der zum Abrufen des Werts erforderlich ist. Aber das bringt ein paar Probleme mit sich, wie z.B.

  • Die oben genannten Adressen sind höchstwahrscheinlich keine idealen Schlüssel, an die Sie sich erinnern und den erforderlichen Wert abrufen könnten.

  • Die oben erwähnten Adressen beziehen sich auf öffentliche Schlüssel verschiedener Schlüsselpaare, wobei jedem öffentlichen Schlüssel (oder Adresse) auch ein privater Schlüssel zugeordnet wäre. Dieser private Schlüssel müsste bei Bedarf verschiedene Anweisungen unterzeichnen, sodass wir den privaten Schlüssel irgendwo speichern müssen, was definitiv nicht empfohlen wird!

Dies stellt ein Problem dar, mit dem viele Solana-Entwickler konfrontiert sind, nämlich das Implementieren einer "Map"-ähnlichen Logik in ihre Programme. Schauen wir uns ein paar Möglichkeiten an, wie wir dieses Problem angehen würden.

Ableitende PDAs

PDA steht für Program Derived Addressopen in new window, und sind kurz gesagt Adressen abgeleitet von einer Reihe von Seeds und einer Programm-ID (oder address).

The unique thing about PDAs is that, these addresses are not associated with any private key. This is because these addresses do not lie on the ED25519 curve. Hence, only the program, from which this address was derived, can sign an instruction with the key, provided the seeds as well. Learn more about this hereopen in new window.

Nachdem wir nun eine Vorstellung davon haben, was PDAs sind, verwenden wir sie, um einige Konten zuzuordnen! Wir nehmen ein Beispiel eines Blog-Programms, um zu demonstrieren, wie dies implementiert werden würde.

In diesem Blog-Programm möchten wir, dass jeder „Benutzer“ einen einzigen „Blog“ hat. Dieser Blog kann beliebig viele Beiträge haben. Das würde bedeuten, dass wir jeden Benutzer einem Blog zuordnen und jeder Beitrag einem bestimmten Blog zugeordnet wird.

Kurz gesagt, es gibt eine 1:1-Zuordnung zwischen einem Benutzer und seinem/ihrem Blog, während eine 1:N-Zuordnung zwischen einem Blog und seinen Beiträgen besteht.

Für die 1:1-Zuordnung möchten wir, dass die Adresse eines Blogs nur von seinem Benutzer abgeleitet wird, was es uns ermöglichen würde, ein Blog abzurufen, wenn seine Autorität (oder user) gegeben ist. Daher würden die Schlüssel für einrn Blog aus dem Schlüssel seiner Autorität und möglicherweise einem Präfix von "Blog" bestehen, das als Typidentifizierer fungiert.

For the 1:N mapping, we would want each post's address to be derived not only from the blog which it is associated with, but also another identifier, allowing us to differentiate between the N number of posts in the blog. In the example below, each post's address is derived from the blog's key, a slug to identify each post, and a prefix of "post", to act as a type identifier.

Der Code ist wie unten gezeigt,

Press </> button to view full source
use anchor_lang::prelude::*;

declare_id!("2vD2HBhLnkcYcKxnxLjFYXokHdcsgJnyEXGnSpAX376e");

#[program]
pub mod mapping_pda {
    use super::*;
    pub fn initialize_blog(ctx: Context<InitializeBlog>, _blog_account_bump: u8, blog: Blog) -> ProgramResult {
        ctx.accounts.blog_account.set_inner(blog);
        Ok(())
    }

    pub fn create_post(ctx: Context<CreatePost>, _post_account_bump: u8, post: Post) -> ProgramResult {
        if (post.title.len() > 20) || (post.content.len() > 50) {
            return Err(ErrorCode::InvalidContentOrTitle.into());
        }

        ctx.accounts.post_account.set_inner(post);
        ctx.accounts.blog_account.post_count += 1;

        Ok(())
    }
}

#[derive(Accounts)]
#[instruction(blog_account_bump: u8)]
pub struct InitializeBlog<'info> {
    #[account(
        init,
        seeds = [
            b"blog".as_ref(),
            authority.key().as_ref()
        ],
        bump = blog_account_bump,
        payer = authority,
        space = Blog::LEN
    )]
    pub blog_account: Account<'info, Blog>,

    #[account(mut)]
    pub authority: Signer<'info>,

    pub system_program: Program<'info, System>
}

#[derive(Accounts)]
#[instruction(post_account_bump: u8, post: Post)]
pub struct CreatePost<'info> {
    #[account(mut, has_one = authority)]
    pub blog_account: Account<'info, Blog>,

    #[account(
        init,
        seeds = [
            b"post".as_ref(),
            blog_account.key().as_ref(),
            post.slug.as_ref(),
        ],
        bump = post_account_bump,
        payer = authority,
        space = Post::LEN
    )]
    pub post_account: Account<'info, Post>,

    #[account(mut)]
    pub authority: Signer<'info>,
    
    pub system_program: Program<'info, System>
}

#[account]
pub struct Blog {
    pub authority: Pubkey,
    pub bump: u8,
    pub post_count: u8,
}

#[account]
pub struct Post {
    pub author: Pubkey,
    pub slug: String, // 10 characters max
    pub title: String, // 20 characters max
    pub content: String // 50 characters max
}

impl Blog {
    const LEN: usize = 8 + 32 + 1 + (4 + (10 * 32));
}

impl Post {
    const LEN: usize = 8 + 32 + 32 + (4 + 10) + (4 + 20) + (4 + 50); 
}

#[error]
pub enum ErrorCode {
    #[msg("Invalid Content or Title.")]
    InvalidContentOrTitle,
}

use std::convert::TryInto;
use borsh::{BorshDeserialize, BorshSerialize};
use solana_program::{
    sysvar::{rent::Rent, Sysvar},
    borsh::try_from_slice_unchecked,
    account_info::{AccountInfo, next_account_info},
    entrypoint,
    entrypoint::ProgramResult, 
    pubkey::Pubkey, 
    msg,
    program_error::ProgramError, system_instruction, program::invoke_signed,
};
use thiserror::Error;


entrypoint!(process_instruction);
fn process_instruction(
    program_id: &Pubkey,
    accounts: &[AccountInfo],
    instruction_data: &[u8],
) -> ProgramResult {
    Processor::process(program_id, accounts, instruction_data)
}

pub enum BlogInstruction {

    /// Accounts expected:
    /// 
    /// 0. `[signer]` User account who is creating the blog
    /// 1. `[writable]` Blog account derived from PDA
    /// 2. `[]` The System Program
    InitBlog {},

    /// Accounts expected:
    /// 
    /// 0. `[signer]` User account who is creating the post
    /// 1. `[writable]` Blog account for which post is being created
    /// 2. `[writable]` Post account derived from PDA
    /// 3. `[]` System Program
    CreatePost {
        slug: String,
        title: String,
        content: String,
    }
}

pub struct Processor;
impl Processor {
    pub fn process(program_id: &Pubkey, accounts: &[AccountInfo], instruction_data: &[u8]) -> ProgramResult {
        
        let instruction = BlogInstruction::unpack(instruction_data)?;

        match instruction {
            BlogInstruction::InitBlog {} => {
                msg!("Instruction: InitBlog");
                Self::process_init_blog(accounts, program_id)
            },
            BlogInstruction::CreatePost { slug, title, content} => {
                msg!("Instruction: CreatePost");
                Self::process_create_post(accounts, slug, title, content, program_id)
            }
        }
    }

    fn process_create_post(
        accounts: &[AccountInfo],
        slug: String,
        title: String,
        content: String,
        program_id: &Pubkey
    ) -> ProgramResult {
        if slug.len() > 10 || content.len() > 20 || title.len() > 50 {
            return Err(BlogError::InvalidPostData.into())
        }

        let account_info_iter = &mut accounts.iter();

        let authority_account = next_account_info(account_info_iter)?;
        let blog_account = next_account_info(account_info_iter)?;
        let post_account = next_account_info(account_info_iter)?;
        let system_program = next_account_info(account_info_iter)?;

        if !authority_account.is_signer {
            return Err(ProgramError::MissingRequiredSignature);
        }

        let (blog_pda, _blog_bump) = Pubkey::find_program_address(
            &[b"blog".as_ref(), authority_account.key.as_ref()],
            program_id
        );
        if blog_pda != *blog_account.key || !blog_account.is_writable || blog_account.data_is_empty() {
            return Err(BlogError::InvalidBlogAccount.into())
        }

        let (post_pda, post_bump) = Pubkey::find_program_address(
            &[b"post".as_ref(), slug.as_ref(), authority_account.key.as_ref()],
            program_id
        );
        if post_pda != *post_account.key {
            return Err(BlogError::InvalidPostAccount.into())
        }

        let post_len: usize = 32 + 32 + 1 + (4 + slug.len()) + (4 + title.len()) + (4 + content.len());

        let rent = Rent::get()?;
        let rent_lamports = rent.minimum_balance(post_len);

        let create_post_pda_ix = &system_instruction::create_account(
            authority_account.key,
            post_account.key,
            rent_lamports,
            post_len.try_into().unwrap(),
            program_id
        );
        msg!("Creating post account!");
        invoke_signed(
            create_post_pda_ix, 
            &[
                authority_account.clone(),
                post_account.clone(),
                system_program.clone()
            ],
            &[&[
                b"post".as_ref(),
                slug.as_ref(),
                authority_account.key.as_ref(),
                &[post_bump]
            ]]
        )?;

        let mut post_account_state = try_from_slice_unchecked::<Post>(&post_account.data.borrow()).unwrap();
        post_account_state.author = *authority_account.key;
        post_account_state.blog = *blog_account.key;
        post_account_state.bump = post_bump;
        post_account_state.slug = slug;
        post_account_state.title = title;
        post_account_state.content = content;

        msg!("Serializing Post data");
        post_account_state.serialize(&mut &mut post_account.data.borrow_mut()[..])?;


        let mut blog_account_state = Blog::try_from_slice(&blog_account.data.borrow())?;
        blog_account_state.post_count += 1;

        msg!("Serializing Blog data");
        blog_account_state.serialize(&mut &mut blog_account.data.borrow_mut()[..])?;

        Ok(())
    }

    fn process_init_blog(
        accounts: &[AccountInfo],
        program_id: &Pubkey
    ) -> ProgramResult {
        let account_info_iter = &mut accounts.iter();
        
        let authority_account = next_account_info(account_info_iter)?;
        let blog_account = next_account_info(account_info_iter)?;
        let system_program = next_account_info(account_info_iter)?;

        if !authority_account.is_signer {
            return Err(ProgramError::MissingRequiredSignature);
        }

        let (blog_pda, blog_bump) = Pubkey::find_program_address(
            &[b"blog".as_ref(), authority_account.key.as_ref()],
            program_id 
        );
        if blog_pda != *blog_account.key {
            return Err(BlogError::InvalidBlogAccount.into())
        }

        let rent = Rent::get()?;
        let rent_lamports = rent.minimum_balance(Blog::LEN);
        
        let create_blog_pda_ix = &system_instruction::create_account(
            authority_account.key,
            blog_account.key,
            rent_lamports,
            Blog::LEN.try_into().unwrap(),
            program_id
        );
        msg!("Creating blog account!");
        invoke_signed(
            create_blog_pda_ix, 
            &[
                authority_account.clone(),
                blog_account.clone(),
                system_program.clone()
            ],
            &[&[
                b"blog".as_ref(),
                authority_account.key.as_ref(),
                &[blog_bump]
            ]]
        )?;

        let mut blog_account_state = Blog::try_from_slice(&blog_account.data.borrow())?;
        blog_account_state.authority = *authority_account.key;
        blog_account_state.bump = blog_bump;
        blog_account_state.post_count = 0;
        blog_account_state.serialize(&mut &mut blog_account.data.borrow_mut()[..])?;
        

        Ok(())
    }
}



#[derive(BorshDeserialize, Debug)]
struct PostIxPayload {
    slug: String,
    title: String,
    content: String
}


impl BlogInstruction {
    pub fn unpack(input: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, ProgramError> {
        let (variant, rest) = input.split_first().ok_or(BlogError::InvalidInstruction)?;
        let payload = PostIxPayload::try_from_slice(rest).unwrap();

        Ok(match variant {
            0 => Self::InitBlog {},
            1 => Self::CreatePost {
                slug: payload.slug,
                title: payload.title,
                content: payload.content
            },
            _ => return Err(BlogError::InvalidInstruction.into()),
        })
    }
}

#[derive(BorshSerialize, BorshDeserialize, Debug, Clone)]
pub struct Blog {
    pub authority: Pubkey,
    pub bump: u8,
    pub post_count: u8 // 10 posts max
}

#[derive(BorshSerialize, BorshDeserialize, Debug, Clone)]
pub struct Post {
    pub author: Pubkey,
    pub blog: Pubkey,
    pub bump: u8,
    pub slug: String, // 10 chars max
    pub title: String, // 20 chars max
    pub content: String, // 50 chars max
}

impl Blog {
    pub const LEN: usize = 32 + 1 + 1;
}

#[derive(Error, Debug, Copy, Clone)]
pub enum BlogError {
    #[error("Invalid Instruction")]
    InvalidInstruction,

    #[error("Invalid Blog Account")]
    InvalidBlogAccount,

    #[error("Invalid Post Account")]
    InvalidPostAccount,

    #[error("Invalid Post Data")]
    InvalidPostData,

    #[error("Account not Writable")]
    AccountNotWritable,
}

impl From<BlogError> for ProgramError {
    fn from(e: BlogError) -> Self {
        return ProgramError::Custom(e as u32);
    }
}

Auf der Client-Seite können Sie „PublicKey.findProgramAddress()“ verwenden, um die erforderliche „Blog“- und „Post“-Kontoadresse zu erhalten, die Sie an „connection.getAccountInfo()“ übergeben können, um die Kontodaten abzurufen. Ein Beispiel ist unten gezeigt,

Press </> button to view full source
import * as borsh from "@project-serum/borsh";
import { PublicKey } from "@solana/web3.js";

export const BLOG_ACCOUNT_DATA_LAYOUT = borsh.struct([
  borsh.publicKey("authorityPubkey"),
  borsh.u8("bump"),
  borsh.u8("postCount"),
]);

export const POST_ACCOUNT_DATA_LAYOUT = borsh.struct([
  borsh.publicKey("author"),
  borsh.publicKey("blog"),
  borsh.u8("bump"),
  borsh.str("slug"),
  borsh.str("title"),
  borsh.str("content"),
]);

async () => {
  const connection = new Connection("http://localhost:8899", "confirmed");

  const [blogAccount] = await PublicKey.findProgramAddress(
    [Buffer.from("blog"), user.publicKey.toBuffer()],
    MY_PROGRAM_ID
  );

  const [postAccount] = await PublicKey.findProgramAddress(
    [Buffer.from("post"), Buffer.from("slug-1"), user.publicKey.toBuffer()],
    MY_PROGRAM_ID
  );

  const blogAccountInfo = await connection.getAccountInfo(blogAccount);
  const blogAccountState = BLOG_ACCOUNT_DATA_LAYOUT.decode(
    blogAccountInfo.data
  );
  console.log("Blog account state: ", blogAccountState);

  const postAccountInfo = await connection.getAccountInfo(postAccount);
  const postAccountState = POST_ACCOUNT_DATA_LAYOUT.decode(
    postAccountInfo.data
  );
  console.log("Post account state: ", postAccountState);
};

Einzelnes Kartenkonto

Eine andere Möglichkeit, das Mapping zu implementieren, wäre, eine BTreeMap-Datenstruktur explizit in einem einzigen Konto zu speichern. Die Adresse dieses Kontos selbst könnte ein PDA oder der öffentliche Schlüssel eines generierten Schlüsselpaars sein.

Diese Methode zum Zuordnen von Konten ist aus folgenden Gründen nicht ideal:

  • Sie müssen zuerst das Konto initialisieren, in dem die BTreeMap gespeichert ist, bevor Sie die erforderlichen Schlüssel-Wert-Paare darin einfügen können. Dann müssen Sie auch die Adresse dieses Kontos irgendwo speichern, um sie jedes Mal zu aktualisieren.

  • Es gibt Speicherbeschränkungen für ein Konto, wobei ein Konto eine maximale Größe von 10 Megabyte haben kann, wodurch die BTreeMap daran gehindert wird, eine große Anzahl von Schlüssel-Wert-Paaren zu speichern.

Daher können Sie nach Berücksichtigung Ihres Anwendungsfalls diese Methode wie unten gezeigt implementieren:

Press </> button to view full source
use std::{collections::BTreeMap};
use thiserror::Error;
use borsh::{BorshSerialize, BorshDeserialize};
use num_traits::FromPrimitive;
use solana_program::{sysvar::{rent::Rent, Sysvar}, entrypoint, entrypoint::ProgramResult, pubkey::Pubkey, account_info::{AccountInfo, next_account_info}, program_error::ProgramError, system_instruction, msg, program::{invoke_signed}, borsh::try_from_slice_unchecked};

entrypoint!(process_instruction);

fn process_instruction(
    program_id: &Pubkey,
    accounts: &[AccountInfo],
    instruction_data: &[u8],
) -> ProgramResult {
    msg!("instruction_data: {:?}", instruction_data);
    Processor::process(program_id, accounts, instruction_data)
}

pub struct Processor;

impl Processor {
    pub fn process(
        program_id: &Pubkey,
        accounts: &[AccountInfo],
        instruction_data: &[u8]
    ) -> ProgramResult {
        let instruction = FromPrimitive::from_u8(instruction_data[0]).ok_or(ProgramError::InvalidInstructionData)?;

        match instruction {
            0 => {
                msg!("Initializing map!");
                Self::process_init_map(accounts, program_id)?;
            },
            1 => {
                msg!("Inserting entry!");
                Self::process_insert_entry(accounts, program_id)?;
            },
            _ => {
                return Err(ProgramError::InvalidInstructionData)
            }
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn process_init_map(accounts: &[AccountInfo], program_id: &Pubkey) -> ProgramResult {
        let account_info_iter = &mut accounts.iter();

        let authority_account = next_account_info(account_info_iter)?;
        let map_account = next_account_info(account_info_iter)?;
        let system_program = next_account_info(account_info_iter)?;

        if !authority_account.is_signer {
            return Err(ProgramError::MissingRequiredSignature)
        }

        let (map_pda, map_bump) = Pubkey::find_program_address(
            &[b"map".as_ref()],
            program_id
        );

        if map_pda != *map_account.key || !map_account.is_writable || !map_account.data_is_empty() {
            return Err(BlogError::InvalidMapAccount.into())
        }

        let rent = Rent::get()?;
        let rent_lamports = rent.minimum_balance(MapAccount::LEN);

        let create_map_ix = &system_instruction::create_account(
            authority_account.key, 
            map_account.key, 
            rent_lamports, 
            MapAccount::LEN.try_into().unwrap(), 
            program_id
        );

        msg!("Creating MapAccount account");
        invoke_signed(
            create_map_ix, 
            &[
                authority_account.clone(),
                map_account.clone(),
                system_program.clone()
            ],
            &[&[
                b"map".as_ref(),
                &[map_bump]
            ]]
        )?;

        msg!("Deserializing MapAccount account");
        let mut map_state = try_from_slice_unchecked::<MapAccount>(&map_account.data.borrow()).unwrap();
        let empty_map: BTreeMap<Pubkey, Pubkey> = BTreeMap::new();

        map_state.is_initialized = 1;
        map_state.map = empty_map;

        msg!("Serializing MapAccount account");
        map_state.serialize(&mut &mut map_account.data.borrow_mut()[..])?;

        Ok(())
    }

    fn process_insert_entry(accounts: &[AccountInfo], program_id: &Pubkey) -> ProgramResult {
        
        let account_info_iter = &mut accounts.iter();

        let a_account = next_account_info(account_info_iter)?;
        let b_account = next_account_info(account_info_iter)?;
        let map_account = next_account_info(account_info_iter)?;

        if !a_account.is_signer {
            return Err(ProgramError::MissingRequiredSignature)
        }

        if map_account.data.borrow()[0] == 0 || *map_account.owner != *program_id {
            return Err(BlogError::InvalidMapAccount.into())
        }

        msg!("Deserializing MapAccount account");
        let mut map_state = try_from_slice_unchecked::<MapAccount>(&map_account.data.borrow())?;

        if map_state.map.contains_key(a_account.key) {
            return Err(BlogError::AccountAlreadyHasEntry.into())
        }

        map_state.map.insert(*a_account.key, *b_account.key);
        
        msg!("Serializing MapAccount account");
        map_state.serialize(&mut &mut map_account.data.borrow_mut()[..])?;

        Ok(())
    }
}

#[derive(BorshSerialize, BorshDeserialize, Clone, Debug)]
pub struct MapAccount {
    pub is_initialized: u8,
    pub map: BTreeMap<Pubkey, Pubkey> // 100
}

impl MapAccount {
    const LEN: usize = 1 + (4 + (10 * 64)); // 10 user -> blog
}

#[derive(Error, Debug, Copy, Clone)]
pub enum BlogError {
    #[error("Invalid MapAccount account")]
    InvalidMapAccount,

    #[error("Invalid Blog account")]
    InvalidBlogAccount,

    #[error("Account already has entry in Map")]
    AccountAlreadyHasEntry,
}

impl From<BlogError> for ProgramError {
    fn from(e: BlogError) -> Self {
        return ProgramError::Custom(e as u32);
    }
}

Der clientseitige Code zum Testen des obigen Programms würde wie folgt aussehen:

Press </> button to view full source
import {
  Connection,
  Keypair,
  LAMPORTS_PER_SOL,
  PublicKey,
  SystemProgram,
  Transaction,
  TransactionInstruction,
} from "@solana/web3.js";

import * as borsh from "@project-serum/borsh";

const MY_PROGRAM_ID = new PublicKey(
  "FwcG3yKuAkCfX68q9GPykNWDaaPjdZFaR1Tgr8qSxaEa"
);

const MAP_DATA_LAYOUT = borsh.struct([
  borsh.u8("is_initialized"),
  borsh.map(borsh.publicKey("user_a"), borsh.publicKey("user_b"), "blogs"),
]);

async () => {
  const connection = new Connection("http://localhost:8899", "confirmed");

  const userA = Keypair.generate();
  const userB = Keypair.generate();
  const userC = Keypair.generate();

  const [mapKey] = await PublicKey.findProgramAddress(
    [Buffer.from("map")],
    MY_PROGRAM_ID
  );

  const airdropASig = await connection.requestAirdrop(
    userA.publicKey,
    5 * LAMPORTS_PER_SOL
  );
  const airdropBSig = await connection.requestAirdrop(
    userB.publicKey,
    5 * LAMPORTS_PER_SOL
  );
  const airdropCSig = await connection.requestAirdrop(
    userC.publicKey,
    5 * LAMPORTS_PER_SOL
  );
  const promiseA = connection.confirmTransaction(airdropASig);
  const promiseB = connection.confirmTransaction(airdropBSig);
  const promiseC = connection.confirmTransaction(airdropCSig);

  await Promise.all([promiseA, promiseB, promiseC]);

  const initMapIx = new TransactionInstruction({
    programId: MY_PROGRAM_ID,
    keys: [
      {
        pubkey: userA.publicKey,
        isSigner: true,
        isWritable: true,
      },
      {
        pubkey: mapKey,
        isSigner: false,
        isWritable: true,
      },
      {
        pubkey: SystemProgram.programId,
        isSigner: false,
        isWritable: false,
      },
    ],
    data: Buffer.from(Uint8Array.of(0)),
  });

  const insertABIx = new TransactionInstruction({
    programId: MY_PROGRAM_ID,
    keys: [
      {
        pubkey: userA.publicKey,
        isSigner: true,
        isWritable: true,
      },
      {
        pubkey: userB.publicKey,
        isSigner: false,
        isWritable: false,
      },
      {
        pubkey: mapKey,
        isSigner: false,
        isWritable: true,
      },
    ],
    data: Buffer.from(Uint8Array.of(1)),
  });

  const insertBCIx = new TransactionInstruction({
    programId: MY_PROGRAM_ID,
    keys: [
      {
        pubkey: userB.publicKey,
        isSigner: true,
        isWritable: true,
      },
      {
        pubkey: userC.publicKey,
        isSigner: false,
        isWritable: false,
      },
      {
        pubkey: mapKey,
        isSigner: false,
        isWritable: true,
      },
    ],
    data: Buffer.from(Uint8Array.of(1)),
  });

  const insertCAIx = new TransactionInstruction({
    programId: MY_PROGRAM_ID,
    keys: [
      {
        pubkey: userC.publicKey,
        isSigner: true,
        isWritable: true,
      },
      {
        pubkey: userA.publicKey,
        isSigner: false,
        isWritable: false,
      },
      {
        pubkey: mapKey,
        isSigner: false,
        isWritable: true,
      },
    ],
    data: Buffer.from(Uint8Array.of(1)),
  });

  const tx = new Transaction();
  tx.add(initMapIx);
  tx.add(insertABIx);
  tx.add(insertBCIx);
  tx.add(insertCAIx);

  const sig = await connection.sendTransaction(tx, [userA, userB, userC], {
    skipPreflight: false,
    preflightCommitment: "confirmed",
  });
  await connection.confirmTransaction(sig);

  const mapAccount = await connection.getAccountInfo(mapKey);
  const mapData = MAP_DATA_LAYOUT.decode(mapAccount.data);
  console.log("MapData: ", mapData);
};
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